Papers by Rajiv Ratn Shah
An Empirical Investigation of Bias in the Multimodal Analysis of Financial Earnings Calls (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing research focuses on textual elements of financial disclosures but ignores the rich acoustic features in the executives’ speech. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a multimodal approach that leverages the verbal and vocal cues of speakers in financial disclosures to predict volatility and risk. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models outperform existing models in the financial realm but still underrepresent the diverse communities spanning demographics, gender, and native speech. |
Better and Worse with Scale: How Contextual Entrainment Diverges with Model Size (2026.findings-acl)
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Dikshant Kukreja, Kshitij Sah, Gautam Gupta, Avinash Anand, Rajiv Ratn Shah, Zhengkui Wang, Aik Beng Ng, Erik Cambria
| Challenge: | Larger language models become better and worse at handling contextual information . et al. (2017) formalized contextual entrainment as a tendency to favor tokens in context . |
| Approach: | They formalize the first scaling laws for contextual entrainment . they find large models are four times more resistant to counterfactual misinformation . |
| Outcome: | The largest models are four times more resistant to counterfactual misinformation than the smallest, but twice as prone to copying arbitrary tokens. |
Med-CoDE: Medical Critique based Disagreement Evaluation Framework (2025.naacl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluation methods for large language models lack robustness and accuracy in medical contexts. |
| Approach: | They propose an evaluation framework for medical LLMs that measures disagreement between model-generated responses and established medical ground truths. |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluation framework captures accuracy and reliability in medical settings. |
Investigating Political Herd Mentality: A Community Sentiment Based Approach (P19-2)
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| Challenge: | polarities inherent in political speeches and debates pose an important problem today. |
| Approach: | They propose to use community-based graphs to augment hand-crafted features based on topic modeling and emotion detection on debate transcripts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach surpasses the benchmark results on the same dataset. |
A Preliminary Exploration of GANs for Keyphrase Generation (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on extractive keyphrases have shown promising results, but the results suggest that there is room for improvement. |
| Approach: | They propose a new keyphrase generation approach using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) their model produces a sequence of keyphrases and a discriminator distinguishes between human-curated and machine-generated keyphrase. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art generative models on benchmark datasets and is comparable to the best performing extractive models. |
Multilingual Coreference Resolution in Low-resource South Asian Languages (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing coreference resolution models for South Asian languages are limited . a a sanity check for the prediction of translations is required to ensure accuracy of the model, authors say . |
| Approach: | They evaluate an end-to-end coreference resolution model on a Hindi golden set . they use translation and word-alignment tools to translate a translated dataset into 31 languages . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model scored 64 and 68 on a Hindi golden set. |
An Annotated Dataset of Discourse Modes in Hindi Stories (2020.lrec-1)
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Swapnil Dhanwal, Hritwik Dutta, Hitesh Nankani, Nilay Shrivastava, Yaman Kumar, Junyi Jessy Li, Debanjan Mahata, Rakesh Gosangi, Haimin Zhang, Rajiv Ratn Shah, Amanda Stent
| Challenge: | Using a new corpus of sentences from Hindi short stories, we analyze the annotations for five different discourse modes argumentative, narrative, descriptive, dialogic and informative. |
| Approach: | They propose to annotate sentences from Hindi short stories for five different discourse modes argumentative, narrative, descriptive, dialogic and informative. |
| Outcome: | The proposed corpus has a high inter-annotator agreement (0.87 k-alpha) and is able to capture the nuances of the embedded discourse structures. |
A Video Is Worth 4096 Tokens: Verbalize Videos To Understand Them In Zero Shot (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing annotated training datasets hinder development of supervised learning models for multimedia content . lack of annotating benchmarks hinders development of models with satisfactory performance . a recent study shows that large language models have zero-shot performance in multimedia understanding . |
| Approach: | They propose to verbalize long videos to generate their descriptions in natural language . they then perform video-understanding tasks on the generated story as opposed to the original video . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves better results than baselines for video understanding. |
GupShup: Summarizing Open-Domain Code-Switched Conversations (2021.emnlp-main)
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Laiba Mehnaz, Debanjan Mahata, Rakesh Gosangi, Uma Sushmitha Gunturi, Riya Jain, Gauri Gupta, Amardeep Kumar, Isabelle G. Lee, Anish Acharya, Rajiv Ratn Shah
| Challenge: | Abstractive summarization is the process of generating a condensed version of a given conversation while preserving the most salient aspects. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a dataset to analyze code-switched conversations in Hindi and English to summarize them. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset contains over 6,800 code-switched conversations and their corresponding human-annotated summaries in English (En) and Hi-En. |
A Time-Aware Transformer Based Model for Suicide Ideation Detection on Social Media (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Suicide ideation is often linked to a history of mental depression. |
| Approach: | They propose a time-aware transformer based model for preliminary screening of suicidal risk on social media that augments linguistic models with historical context. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms competing models and shows that it is time-aware and contextually useful for suicide risk assessment. |
Multitask Learning for Emotionally Analyzing Sexual Abuse Disclosures (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Prior work on identifying narratives related to sexual abuse disclosures did not consider this as an independent task. |
| Approach: | They propose to identify narratives related to sexual abuse disclosures as a joint modeling task that leverages their emotional attributes through multitask learning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model leverages emotional attributes of textual conversations to identify narratives related to sexual abuse disclosures in homogeneous and heterogeneously settings. |
#YouToo? Detection of Personal Recollections of Sexual Harassment on Social Media (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | a recent study has found that the disclosure of sexual abuse has positive psychological im- pacts. |
| Approach: | They propose to aggregate personal experiences of sexual harassment from Twitter posts to facilitate a better understanding of social media constructs and bring about social change. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is compared with state-of-the-art models and is based on a three part Twitter-Specific Social Media Language Model. |
VolTAGE: Volatility Forecasting via Text Audio Fusion with Graph Convolution Networks for Earnings Calls (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to stock volatility forecasting ignore correlations between stocks. |
| Approach: | They propose to combine vocal cues with verbal and financial cue data to create a multimodal stock volatility prediction model that accounts for stock interdependence via graph convolutions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing methods showing that it can predict volatility using multimodal learning. |
Suicide Ideation Detection via Social and Temporal User Representations using Hyperbolic Learning (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies indicate that individuals exhibiting suicidal ideation increasingly turn to social media rather than mental health practitioners. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework leveraging a user’s emotional history and social information from a users neighborhood in a network to contextualize the interpretation of the latest tweet of a Twitter user. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods on this task, showing the benefits of both socially and personally contextualized representations. |
Quantitative Day Trading from Natural Language using Reinforcement Learning (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to stock prediction are not optimized to make profitable investment decisions. |
| Approach: | They propose a deep reinforcement learning approach that makes time-aware decisions to trade stocks while optimizing profit using textual data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art in terms of risk-adjusted returns on two benchmarks: Tweets (English) and financial news (Chinese) |
Augmenting NLP models using Latent Feature Interpolations (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing data augmentation methods with a large number of parameters are prone to over-fitting and often fail to capture the underlying input distribution. |
| Approach: | They propose a data augmentation technique that uses embeddings and hidden layer representations to construct virtual examples. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods in terms of accuracy and robustness to weight pruning. |
Two-Step Classification using Recasted Data for Low Resource Settings (2020.aacl-main)
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Shagun Uppal, Vivek Gupta, Avinash Swaminathan, Haimin Zhang, Debanjan Mahata, Rakesh Gosangi, Rajiv Ratn Shah, Amanda Stent
| Challenge: | Existing studies on NLP models focus on high resource languages like English, but there are only two datasets for Hindi. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel two-step classification method which uses textual-entailment predictions for classification task. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves classification performance by using a joint-objective for classification and textual entailment. |
Multimodal Multi-Speaker Merger & Acquisition Financial Modeling: A New Task, Dataset, and Neural Baselines (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Merger and acquisition (M&A) calls provide key insights into claims made by company executives about restructuring of financial firms. |
| Approach: | They propose a baseline architecture that leverages multimodal multi-speaker input to forecast financial risk associated with M&A calls. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs marginally better than existing models based on BERT inputs . the proposed model is expected to be validated by the end of the year . |
PHASE: Learning Emotional Phase-aware Representations for Suicide Ideation Detection on Social Media (2021.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies indicate that individuals exhibiting suicidal ideation increasingly turn to social media rather than mental health practitioners. |
| Approach: | They propose a time-and-phase-aware framework that adaptively learns features from a user’s historical emotional spectrum to contextualize suicidal intent. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods while outperforming existing methods. |
Unsupervised Paraphasia Classification in Aphasic Speech (2020.acl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Aphasia is a speech and language disorder which results from brain damage resulting in word retrieval deficit (anomia) . supervised learning methods cant be properly utilized as there is no aphasic speech data. |
| Approach: | They propose an unsupervised method which can be implemented without the need for labeled paraphasia data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms supervised learning methods and transfer learning approaches for English without labeled paraphasia data. |
FAST: Financial News and Tweet Based Time Aware Network for Stock Trading (2021.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for stock movement prediction are limited and do not account for the fine-grain temporal irregularities in the release of large volumes of text. |
| Approach: | They propose a hierarchical, learning to rank approach that uses textual data to make time-aware predictions for ranking stocks based on expected profit. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods by over 8% in terms of cumulative profit and risk-adjusted returns on two benchmarks: English tweets and Chinese financial news spanning two major stock indexes and four global markets. |
Deep Attentive Learning for Stock Movement Prediction From Social Media Text and Company Correlations (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing models that predict stock movements are based on time series and technical analysis, but price signals alone fail to capture market surprises and impacts of sudden unexpected events. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that integrates chaotic temporal signals from financial data and social media to create hierarchical temporal networks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be used to forecast stock movements on real-world S&P 500 index data and English tweets. |
GPolS: A Contextual Graph-Based Language Model for Analyzing Parliamentary Debates and Political Cohesion (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Parliamentary debates are a valuable language resource for analyzing comprehensive options in a functional, free society. |
| Approach: | They propose a neural model for political speech sentiment analysis exploiting semantic representations and relations between debate transcripts, motions, and political party members. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model exploits semantic representations and relations between debate transcripts, motions, and political party members to predict political polarity and polarities. |
Key2Vec: Automatic Ranked Keyphrase Extraction from Scientific Articles using Phrase Embeddings (N18-2)
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| Challenge: | Keyphrase extraction is a fundamental task in natural language processing that facilitates mapping of documents to a set of representative phrases. |
| Approach: | They propose an unsupervised technique that leverages phrase embeddings for ranking keyphrases extracted from scientific articles using theme-weighted PageRank. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method performs better on benchmark datasets than other methods and is of high quality. |
IRIS: Interleaved Reinforcement with Incremental Staged Curriculum for Cross-Lingual Mathematical Reasoning (2026.acl-long)
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Navya Gupta, Rishitej Reddy Vyalla, Avinash Anand, Chhavi Kirtani, Erik Cambria, Zhengchen Zhang, Zhengkui Wang, Timothy Liu, Aik Beng Ng, Simon See, Rajiv Ratn Shah
| Challenge: | Curriculum learning fails to generate consistent step-by-step reasoning in multilingual and low-resource settings. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that combines supervised fine-tuning with reverse curriculum reinforcement learning to generate consistent step-by-step reasoning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms single-axis benchmarks and multilingual test sets on math reasoning tasks and in high-resource languages. |
ARHNet - Leveraging Community Interaction for Detection of Religious Hate Speech in Arabic (P19-2)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to detect hate speech in Arabic rely on textual cues and social network graphs. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Arabic word embeddings and social network graphs to profile hate speech in Arabic. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model incorporates Arabic Word Embeddings and Social Network Graphs for the detection of religious hate speech in Arabic. |